Syllogism is a form of logical reasoning where conclusions are drawn from two premises.Here are a few examples of logical reasoning questions involving syllogisms:
Example 1:
Premise 1: All apples are fruits.
Premise 2: All fruits are healthy.
Conclusion: All apples are healthy.
Answer: Valid – The conclusion is correct because both premises support the idea that apples, being fruits, are healthy.
Example 2:
Premise 1: Some birds can fly.
Premise 2: All sparrows are birds.
Conclusion: Some sparrows can fly.
Answer: Valid – The conclusion is correct because sparrows, being a type of bird, fit into the group of birds that can fly.
Example 3:
Premise 1: No roses are blue.
Premise 2: All roses are flowers.
Conclusion: No flowers are blue.
Answer: Invalid – The conclusion does not logically follow. While no roses are blue, it doesn’t mean that no flowers can be blue. Other flowers (besides roses) may still be blue.
Example 4:
Premise 1: All dogs are mammals.
Premise 2: Some mammals are wild.
Conclusion: Some dogs are wild.
Answer: Invalid – The conclusion is not valid because the second premise does not establish a connection between dogs and wild animals. Just because some mammals are wild doesn’t mean some dogs are wild.
Example 5:
Premise 1: All politicians are humans.
Premise 2: Some humans are honest.
Conclusion: Some politicians are honest.
Answer: Valid – The conclusion is logically valid because the category of humans includes politicians, and some humans are honest, so some politicians can be honest.
Example 6:
Premise 1: All trees have leaves.
Premise 2: A cactus is a tree.
Conclusion: A cactus has leaves.
Answer: Invalid – The conclusion does not follow because a cactus, although classified as a tree in this case, is an exception that does not have leaves, making the premises incompatible with the conclusion.
Example 7:
Premise 1: All men are mortal.
Premise 2: Socrates is a man.
Conclusion: Socrates is mortal.
Answer: Valid – The conclusion is correct. Since all men are mortal and Socrates is a man, he must be mortal.
Example 8:
Premise 1: Some fruits are sweet.
Premise 2: All apples are fruits.
Conclusion: Some apples are sweet.
Answer: Invalid – The conclusion is not valid because while some fruits are sweet, it doesn’t necessarily mean that apples are among those sweet fruits. The premises do not guarantee that some apples are sweet.
Example 9:
Premise 1: All roses are flowers.
Premise 2: Some flowers are red.
Conclusion: Some roses are red.
Answer: Invalid – The conclusion does not follow logically because just because some flowers are red does not mean that some roses are red. Not all flowers or roses need to be red.
Example 10:
Premise 1: No fish can fly.
Premise 2: All goldfish are fish.
Conclusion: No goldfish can fly.
Answer: Valid – The conclusion is valid because goldfish, being fish, cannot fly as per the first premise.
Example 11:
Premise 1: All humans are mammals.
Premise 2: No mammals can breathe underwater.
Conclusion: No humans can breathe underwater.
Answer: Valid – The conclusion is correct because, as per the premises, all humans are mammals, and since no mammals can breathe underwater, humans also cannot.
Example 12:
Premise 1: All cats are animals.
Premise 2: Some animals are pets.
Conclusion: Some cats are pets.
Answer: Invalid – The conclusion doesn’t logically follow because while some animals are pets, the premises do not guarantee that any of the cats are pets. Not all animals (or cats) are pets.
Example 13:
Premise 1: All cars have wheels.
Premise 2: A motorcycle is a vehicle.
Conclusion: A motorcycle has wheels.
Answer: Valid – The conclusion is correct because all vehicles, like motorcycles, have wheels, though the first premise about cars does not directly impact motorcycles.
Example 14:
Premise 1: No elephants are small.
Premise 2: Some animals are small.
Conclusion: Some animals are not elephants.
Answer: Valid – The conclusion is valid. Since no elephants are small and some animals are small, those small animals cannot be elephants.
Example 15:
Premise 1: Some flowers are red.
Premise 2: All roses are flowers.
Conclusion: Some roses are red.
Answer: Invalid – The conclusion does not logically follow because the first premise only tells us that some flowers are red, but it doesn’t specifically state that roses are among those red flowers.
Example 16:
Premise 1: All birds have wings.
Premise 2: A penguin is a bird.
Conclusion: A penguin has wings.
Answer: Valid – The conclusion is correct. A penguin, being a bird, must have wings, even though it cannot fly.
Example 17:
Premise 1: All doctors are educated.
Premise 2: Some educated people are teachers.
Conclusion: Some doctors are teachers.
Answer: Invalid – The conclusion doesn’t follow because just because some educated people are teachers, it doesn’t mean that some doctors must be teachers. The premises don’t establish this connection.
Example 18:
Premise 1: No dogs are cats.
Premise 2: Some cats are pets.
Conclusion: Some dogs are not pets.
Answer: Valid – The conclusion is correct. Since no dogs are cats, and some cats are pets, it’s logically consistent to say some dogs (which are not cats) may also be not pets.
Example 19:
Premise 1: All cars need fuel.
Premise 2: Some vehicles are electric.
Conclusion: Some vehicles do not need fuel.
Answer: Valid – The conclusion is correct. Some vehicles are electric and do not require fuel, in line with the second premise.
Example 20:
Premise 1: All students must study.
Premise 2: John is a student.
Conclusion: John must study.
Answer: Valid – The conclusion is correct. Since John is a student and all students must study, the conclusion follows logically.
Example 21:
Premise 1: All roses are flowers.
Premise 2: No flowers are red.
Conclusion: No roses are red.
Answer: Invalid – The conclusion does not follow. Even though all roses are flowers, it does not mean that roses cannot be red, as there may be other flowers that are not red.
Example 22:
Premise 1: No square is a circle.
Premise 2: All squares are shapes.
Conclusion: No circles are squares.
Answer: Valid – The conclusion is correct because if no square is a circle, and all squares are shapes, then circles, being a separate shape, are not squares.
Example 23:
Premise 1: Some dogs are friendly.
Premise 2: Some animals are dogs.
Conclusion: Some animals are friendly.
Answer: Valid – The conclusion is correct. If some dogs are friendly, and some animals are dogs, it logically follows that some animals are friendly.
Example 24:
Premise 1: All birds have feathers.
Premise 2: Some birds can swim.
Conclusion: Some birds with feathers can swim.
Answer: Valid – The conclusion is correct because the premises support the idea that birds (which have feathers) may also have the ability to swim.
Example 25:
Premise 1: All teachers are knowledgeable.
Premise 2: Some knowledgeable people are scientists.
Conclusion: Some teachers are scientists.
Answer: Invalid – The conclusion is not valid because while some knowledgeable people are scientists, we cannot conclude that teachers must be scientists. The two groups (teachers and scientists) may not overlap.
Example 26:
Premise 1: All computers are machines.
Premise 2: Some machines are heavy.
Conclusion: Some computers are heavy.
Answer: Invalid – The conclusion does not follow because just because some machines are heavy, it doesn’t mean some computers are heavy. The premises do not guarantee this connection.
Example 27:
Premise 1: All athletes train regularly.
Premise 2: John is an athlete.
Conclusion: John trains regularly.
Answer: Valid – The conclusion is correct. Since John is an athlete, and all athletes train regularly, John must train regularly.
Example 28:
Premise 1: No fish are mammals.
Premise 2: All whales are mammals.
Conclusion: No whales are fish.
Answer: Valid – The conclusion is correct. Since no fish are mammals, and all whales are mammals, it logically follows that no whales are fish.
Example 29:
Premise 1: All laptops are portable.
Premise 2: Some portable devices are expensive.
Conclusion: Some laptops are expensive.
Answer: Invalid – The conclusion does not follow. Even though some portable devices are expensive, it does not necessarily mean that laptops are among them. Not all portable devices need to be expensive.
Example 30:
Premise 1: All teachers are responsible.
Premise 2: Some teachers are strict.
Conclusion: Some strict people are responsible.
Answer: Valid – The conclusion is correct because the premises support that strict teachers (a subset of teachers) are responsible, so some strict people can indeed be responsible.
Example 31:
Premise 1: All humans need water to survive.
Premise 2: John is a human.
Conclusion: John needs water to survive.
Answer: Valid – The conclusion follows logically because, since all humans need water to survive and John is a human, he must need water to survive.
Example 32:
Premise 1: All roses are flowers.
Premise 2: Some flowers are yellow.
Conclusion: Some roses are yellow.
Answer: Invalid – The conclusion is incorrect. The fact that some flowers are yellow does not necessarily mean that some roses must be yellow. The premises don’t establish this connection.
Example 33:
Premise 1: All birds can fly.
Premise 2: A penguin is a bird.
Conclusion: A penguin can fly.
Answer: Invalid – The conclusion is not correct. While all birds are categorized as birds, not all birds can fly. Penguins are birds that cannot fly, so the conclusion is false.
Example 34:
Premise 1: No cats are dogs.
Premise 2: Some dogs are playful.
Conclusion: Some cats are playful.
Answer: Invalid – The conclusion does not follow because the premises do not establish a link between cats and playfulness. Just because some dogs are playful does not mean some cats are.
Example 35:
Premise 1: Some books are interesting.
Premise 2: All novels are books.
Conclusion: Some novels are interesting.
Answer: Invalid – The conclusion does not follow. Even though some books are interesting and all novels are books, the premise does not guarantee that any novels specifically are interesting.
Example 36:
Premise 1: All squares are rectangles.
Premise 2: All rectangles have four sides.
Conclusion: All squares have four sides.
Answer: Valid – The conclusion is correct because squares are a type of rectangle, and all rectangles have four sides, so squares must also have four sides.
Example 37:
Premise 1: All oranges are fruits.
Premise 2: Some fruits are sour.
Conclusion: Some oranges are sour.
Answer: Invalid – The conclusion does not logically follow. Just because some fruits are sour, it doesn’t necessarily mean that some oranges are sour. The premises don’t provide enough information to make this conclusion.
Example 38:
Premise 1: No reptiles are mammals.
Premise 2: All snakes are reptiles.
Conclusion: No snakes are mammals.
Answer: Valid – The conclusion is correct. Since all snakes are reptiles, and no reptiles are mammals, it follows that no snakes are mammals.
Example 39:
Premise 1: All smartphones are portable.
Premise 2: Some portable devices are expensive.
Conclusion: Some smartphones are expensive.
Answer: Invalid – The conclusion does not logically follow. While some portable devices are expensive, it doesn’t necessarily mean that smartphones, being portable devices, are expensive.
Example 40:
Premise 1: All birds have beaks.
Premise 2: A crow is a bird.
Conclusion: A crow has a beak.
Answer: Valid – The conclusion is correct. Since all birds have beaks and a crow is a bird, it follows that a crow must have a beak.
Example 41:
Premise 1: Some flowers are roses.
Premise 2: All roses are red.
Conclusion: Some flowers are red.
Answer: Valid – The conclusion is correct. Since some flowers are roses and all roses are red, it follows that some flowers must be red.
Example 42:
Premise 1: No cars are bicycles.
Premise 2: All bicycles are vehicles.
Conclusion: No cars are vehicles.
Answer: Invalid – The conclusion is incorrect. While no cars are bicycles, cars are still vehicles, so the conclusion doesn’t follow logically.
Example 43:
Premise 1: All students must pass exams.
Premise 2: Mary is a student.
Conclusion: Mary must pass an exam.
Answer: Valid – The conclusion is valid. Since all students must pass exams and Mary is a student, she must pass an exam.
Example 44:
Premise 1: No students are absent in the class today.
Premise 2: John is a student.
Conclusion: John is present in class today.
Answer: Valid – The conclusion is correct. Since no students are absent and John is a student, John must be present.
Example 45:
Premise 1: Some dogs are brown.
Premise 2: All brown animals are friendly.
Conclusion: Some dogs are friendly.
Answer: Valid – The conclusion is correct. Since some dogs are brown, and all brown animals are friendly, it follows that some dogs are friendly.
Example 46:
Premise 1: All lions are cats.
Premise 2: Some cats are large.
Conclusion: Some lions are large.
Answer: Valid – The conclusion is correct. Since lions are cats, and some cats are large, it logically follows that some lions, being cats, are large.
Example 47:
Premise 1: All squares are rectangles.
Premise 2: All rectangles have four sides.
Conclusion: All squares have four sides.
Answer: Valid – The conclusion is correct. Since squares are a subset of rectangles, and all rectangles have four sides, squares must also have four sides.
Example 48:
Premise 1: No fish can fly.
Premise 2: A salmon is a fish.
Conclusion: A salmon cannot fly.
Answer: Valid – The conclusion is correct. Since no fish can fly and a salmon is a fish, it follows that a salmon cannot fly.
Example 49:
Premise 1: All teachers are professionals.
Premise 2: John is a teacher.
Conclusion: John is a professional.
Answer: Valid – The conclusion is correct. Since John is a teacher and all teachers are professionals, John must be a professional.
Example 50:
Premise 1: All fruits have seeds.
Premise 2: A watermelon is a fruit.
Conclusion: A watermelon has seeds.
Answer: Valid – The conclusion is correct. Since all fruits have seeds and a watermelon is a fruit, it follows that a watermelon must have seeds.
Example 51:
Premise 1: No dogs are cats.
Premise 2: Some animals are cats.
Conclusion: Some animals are not dogs.
Answer: Valid – The conclusion is correct. Since no dogs are cats and some animals are cats, it logically follows that those animals that are cats are not dogs.
Example 52:
Premise 1: All birds lay eggs.
Premise 2: An ostrich is a bird.
Conclusion: An ostrich lays eggs.
Answer: Valid – The conclusion is correct. Since all birds lay eggs and an ostrich is a bird, it must lay eggs.
Example 53:
Premise 1: Some mammals are carnivores.
Premise 2: A lion is a mammal.
Conclusion: A lion is a carnivore.
Answer: Invalid – The conclusion does not follow. While some mammals are carnivores, not all mammals are. The premises don’t guarantee that lions, specifically, are carnivores.
Example 54:
Premise 1: All dogs are loyal.
Premise 2: Some loyal animals are pets.
Conclusion: Some dogs are pets.
Answer: Invalid – The conclusion does not logically follow. The fact that some loyal animals are pets doesn’t mean that all loyal animals (including dogs) are pets. The premises don’t guarantee that some dogs are pets.
Example 55:
Premise 1: All politicians make speeches.
Premise 2: Some speeches are inspiring.
Conclusion: Some politicians make inspiring speeches.
Answer: Invalid – The conclusion is incorrect. The fact that some speeches are inspiring doesn’t mean that some politicians make inspiring speeches. The premises don’t provide this link.
Example 56:
Premise 1: No fruits are vegetables.
Premise 2: A tomato is a fruit.
Conclusion: A tomato is not a vegetable.
Answer: Valid – The conclusion is correct. Since no fruits are vegetables and a tomato is a fruit, it follows that a tomato is not a vegetable.
Example 57:
Premise 1: All birds have feathers.
Premise 2: A penguin is a bird.
Conclusion: A penguin has feathers.
Answer: Valid – The conclusion is correct. Since all birds have feathers and a penguin is a bird, it must have feathers.
Example 58:
Premise 1: All roses are flowers.
Premise 2: Some flowers are red.
Conclusion: Some roses are red.
Answer: Invalid – The conclusion does not logically follow. The fact that some flowers are red doesn’t necessarily mean that some roses are red.
Example 59:
Premise 1: All students have books.
Premise 2: Jane is a student.
Conclusion: Jane has a book.
Answer: Valid – The conclusion is correct. Since all students have books and Jane is a student, Jane must have a book.
Example 60:
Premise 1: No dogs are reptiles.
Premise 2: All snakes are reptiles.
Conclusion: No snakes are dogs.
Answer: Valid – The conclusion is correct. Since no dogs are reptiles, and all snakes are reptiles, it logically follows that no snakes are dogs.
Example 61:
Premise 1: All fruits are nutritious.
Premise 2: An apple is a fruit.
Conclusion: An apple is nutritious.
Answer: Valid – The conclusion is correct. Since all fruits are nutritious and an apple is a fruit, an apple must be nutritious.
Example 62:
Premise 1: Some employees work late.
Premise 2: John is an employee.
Conclusion: John works late.
Answer: Invalid – The conclusion does not follow. Just because some employees work late does not mean that John, specifically, works late. The premises do not guarantee this.
Example 63:
Premise 1: All houses have doors.
Premise 2: This building is a house.
Conclusion: This building has a door.
Answer: Valid – The conclusion is correct. Since all houses have doors and this building is a house, it must have a door.
Example 64:
Premise 1: All dogs have tails.
Premise 2: This animal is a dog.
Conclusion: This animal has a tail.
Answer: Valid – The conclusion is correct. Since all dogs have tails and the animal in question is a dog, it must have a tail.
Example 65:
Premise 1: Some mammals are not domesticated.
Premise 2: A wolf is a mammal.
Conclusion: A wolf is not domesticated.
Answer: Invalid – The conclusion is not valid because just because some mammals are not domesticated does not mean that a wolf, specifically, is not domesticated. Wolves are typically not domesticated, but the premise doesn’t guarantee this.
Example 66:
Premise 1: All squares have four equal sides.
Premise 2: All rectangles have four sides.
Conclusion: All squares are rectangles.
Answer: Valid – The conclusion is correct. Since all squares have four sides and all rectangles have four sides, squares are a subset of rectangles.
Example 67:
Premise 1: No lions are herbivores.
Premise 2: Some animals are herbivores.
Conclusion: Some animals are not lions.
Answer: Valid – The conclusion is correct. Since no lions are herbivores and some animals are herbivores, it logically follows that some animals must not be lions.
Example 68:
Premise 1: All tigers are carnivores.
Premise 2: A lion is a tiger.
Conclusion: A lion is a carnivore.
Answer: Invalid – The conclusion does not follow. While it is true that all tigers are carnivores, the second premise states that a lion is a tiger, which is not correct. A lion is not a tiger. Therefore, the conclusion is invalid.
Example 69:
Premise 1: All fruits are healthy.
Premise 2: An apple is a fruit.
Conclusion: An apple is healthy.
Answer: Valid – The conclusion is correct. Since all fruits are healthy and an apple is a fruit, the apple must be healthy.
Example 70:
Premise 1: Some cars are electric.
Premise 2: All electric vehicles are eco-friendly.
Conclusion: Some cars are eco-friendly.
Answer: Valid – The conclusion is correct. Since some cars are electric and all electric vehicles are eco-friendly, it logically follows that some cars are eco-friendly.
Example 71:
Premise 1: No mammals are cold-blooded.
Premise 2: All whales are mammals.
Conclusion: No whales are cold-blooded.
Answer: Valid – The conclusion is correct. Since no mammals are cold-blooded and all whales are mammals, it follows that whales are not cold-blooded.
Example 72:
Premise 1: Some animals are pets.
Premise 2: All cats are animals.
Conclusion: Some cats are pets.
Answer: Invalid – The conclusion does not follow. The premise tells us that some animals are pets, but it does not specifically state that cats are among the animals that are pets. Therefore, the conclusion is not guaranteed.
Example 73:
Premise 1: All athletes are disciplined.
Premise 2: John is an athlete.
Conclusion: John is disciplined.
Answer: Valid – The conclusion is correct. Since all athletes are disciplined and John is an athlete, John must be disciplined.
Example 74:
Premise 1: All books are written works.
Premise 2: Some written works are novels.
Conclusion: Some books are novels.
Answer: Invalid – The conclusion does not logically follow. While some written works are novels, we cannot conclude that some books are novels, as not all books need to be novels. Books could be in other genres.
Example 75:
Premise 1: No birds are mammals.
Premise 2: Some mammals are cats.
Conclusion: Some cats are not birds.
Answer: Valid – The conclusion is correct. Since no birds are mammals and some mammals are cats, it follows that some cats are not birds.
Also read : Logical reasoning question on eligibility test.
Example 76:
Premise 1: All fruits are delicious.
Premise 2: A banana is a fruit.
Conclusion: A banana is delicious.
Answer: Valid – The conclusion is correct. Since all fruits are delicious and a banana is a fruit, a banana must be delicious.
Example 77:
Premise 1: No dogs are reptiles.
Premise 2: A lizard is a reptile.
Conclusion: A lizard is not a dog.
Answer: Valid – The conclusion is correct. Since no dogs are reptiles and a lizard is a reptile, it follows that a lizard cannot be a dog.
Example 78:
Premise 1: All athletes are fit.
Premise 2: Some people are athletes.
Conclusion: Some people are fit.
Answer: Valid – The conclusion is correct. Since all athletes are fit and some people are athletes, it follows that some people must be fit.
Example 79:
Premise 1: All students have books.
Premise 2: Jack is a student.
Conclusion: Jack has a book.
Answer: Valid – The conclusion is correct. Since all students have books and Jack is a student, Jack must have a book.
Example 80:
Premise 1: Some vehicles are electric.
Premise 2: All electric vehicles are quiet.
Conclusion: Some vehicles are quiet.
Answer: Valid – The conclusion is correct. Since some vehicles are electric and all electric vehicles are quiet, it logically follows that some vehicles are quiet.
Example 81:
Premise 1: No fruits are vegetables.
Premise 2: A carrot is a vegetable.
Conclusion: A carrot is not a fruit.
Answer: Valid – The conclusion is correct. Since no fruits are vegetables and a carrot is a vegetable, it follows that a carrot cannot be a fruit.
Example 82:
Premise 1: All apples are fruits.
Premise 2: Some fruits are green.
Conclusion: Some apples are green.
Answer: Invalid – The conclusion does not follow. The premise only says that some fruits are green, but it doesn’t specifically say that apples are among those green fruits. Therefore, the conclusion is not guaranteed.
Example 83:
Premise 1: All birds fly.
Premise 2: A penguin is a bird.
Conclusion: A penguin flies.
Answer: Invalid – The conclusion is incorrect. While the premise states that all birds fly, penguins are birds that do not fly. The premise doesn’t account for exceptions like penguins.
Example 84:
Premise 1: All computers need electricity.
Premise 2: A laptop is a computer.
Conclusion: A laptop needs electricity.
Answer: Valid – The conclusion is correct. Since all computers need electricity and a laptop is a computer, it follows that a laptop needs electricity.
Example 85:
Premise 1: No birds are mammals.
Premise 2: Some mammals are predators.
Conclusion: Some predators are not birds.
Answer: Valid – The conclusion is correct. Since no birds are mammals and some mammals are predators, it logically follows that some predators are not birds.
Example 86:
Premise 1: All squares are rectangles.
Premise 2: No rectangles are circles.
Conclusion: No squares are circles.
Answer: Valid – The conclusion is correct. Since all squares are rectangles and no rectangles are circles, it follows that no squares can be circles.
Example 87:
Premise 1: Some birds are flightless.
Premise 2: A penguin is a bird.
Conclusion: A penguin is flightless.
Answer: Valid – The conclusion is correct. Since some birds are flightless and a penguin is a bird, it logically follows that a penguin is flightless.
Example 88:
Premise 1: All roses are flowers.
Premise 2: Some flowers are red.
Conclusion: Some roses are red.
Answer: Invalid – The conclusion does not follow. Just because some flowers are red does not mean that roses, specifically, are red. The premises do not guarantee that any roses are red.
Example 89:
Premise 1: All athletes are disciplined.
Premise 2: Mark is disciplined.
Conclusion: Mark is an athlete.
Answer: Invalid – The conclusion does not follow. The fact that Mark is disciplined does not necessarily mean he is an athlete. The premises don’t provide enough information to conclude that Mark is an athlete.
Example 90:
Premise 1: All computers require electricity.
Premise 2: A tablet is a computer.
Conclusion: A tablet requires electricity.
Answer: Valid – The conclusion is correct. Since all computers require electricity and a tablet is a type of computer, it follows that a tablet requires electricity.
Example 91:
Premise 1: All books are printed.
Premise 2: A novel is a book.
Conclusion: A novel is printed.
Answer: Valid – The conclusion is correct. Since all books are printed and a novel is a book, it follows that a novel must be printed.
Example 92:
Premise 1: Some flowers are roses.
Premise 2: Some roses are red.
Conclusion: Some flowers are red.
Answer: Valid – The conclusion is correct. Since some flowers are roses and some roses are red, it follows that some flowers are red.
Example 93:
Premise 1: All cats are mammals.
Premise 2: All mammals have lungs.
Conclusion: All cats have lungs.
Answer: Valid – The conclusion is correct. Since all cats are mammals and all mammals have lungs, it follows that cats must have lungs.
Example 94:
Premise 1: All birds have feathers.
Premise 2: A penguin is a bird.
Conclusion: A penguin has feathers.
Answer: Valid – The conclusion is correct. Since all birds have feathers and a penguin is a bird, a penguin must have feathers.
Example 95:
Premise 1: Some pets are dogs.
Premise 2: All dogs are friendly.
Conclusion: Some pets are friendly.
Answer: Valid – The conclusion is correct. Since some pets are dogs and all dogs are friendly, it follows that some pets (those that are dogs) are friendly.
Example 96:
Premise 1: All dogs are loyal.
Premise 2: Max is a dog.
Conclusion: Max is loyal.
Answer: Valid – The conclusion is correct. Since all dogs are loyal and Max is a dog, Max must be loyal.
Example 97:
Premise 1: All mathematicians are logical thinkers.
Premise 2: John is a mathematician.
Conclusion: John is a logical thinker.
Answer: Valid – The conclusion is correct. Since all mathematicians are logical thinkers and John is a mathematician, John must be a logical thinker.
Example 98:
Premise 1: No fish are mammals.
Premise 2: A whale is a mammal.
Conclusion: A whale is not a fish.
Answer: Valid – The conclusion is correct. Since no fish are mammals and a whale is a mammal, it logically follows that a whale is not a fish.
Example 99:
Premise 1: All rectangles are quadrilaterals.
Premise 2: A square is a rectangle.
Conclusion: A square is a quadrilateral.
Answer: Valid – The conclusion is correct. Since all rectangles are quadrilaterals and a square is a rectangle, it follows that a square must be a quadrilateral.
Example 100:
Premise 1: Some animals are herbivores.
Premise 2: All giraffes are animals.
Conclusion: Some giraffes are herbivores.
Answer: Invalid – The conclusion does not follow. Just because some animals are herbivores and all giraffes are animals does not mean that giraffes must be herbivores. The premise does not provide a guarantee that giraffes are among the herbivores.
Example 101:
Premise 1: No computers are smart.
Premise 2: A smartphone is a computer.
Conclusion: A smartphone is not smart.
Answer: Invalid – The conclusion is incorrect. The premise states that no computers are smart, but it does not necessarily mean that smartphones, as a type of computer, are not smart. In fact, smartphones are typically designed to be “smart.” So, the conclusion doesn’t follow.
Example 102:
Premise 1: All singers are musicians.
Premise 2: John is a musician.
Conclusion: John is a singer.
Answer: Invalid – The conclusion does not follow. Just because John is a musician does not mean he is a singer, as not all musicians are singers. The premises do not establish that John specifically is a singer.
Example 103:
Premise 1: Some flowers are blue.
Premise 2: A rose is a flower.
Conclusion: A rose is blue.
Answer: Invalid – The conclusion does not follow. While some flowers are blue, it does not guarantee that a rose, specifically, is blue. The premises do not provide enough information to conclude that a rose is blue.
Example 104:
Premise 1: All books are written works.
Premise 2: Some written works are novels.
Conclusion: Some books are novels.
Answer: Invalid – The conclusion is incorrect. Just because some written works are novels does not necessarily mean that some books are novels. There could be other types of written works that are not novels.
Example 105:
Premise 1: No animals are plants.
Premise 2: A dog is an animal.
Conclusion: A dog is not a plant.
Answer: Valid – The conclusion is correct. Since no animals are plants and a dog is an animal, it follows that a dog cannot be a plant.
Example 106:
Premise 1: Some pets are cats.
Premise 2: All cats are mammals.
Conclusion: Some pets are mammals.
Answer: Valid – The conclusion is correct. Since some pets are cats and all cats are mammals, it follows that some pets (those that are cats) are mammals.
Example 107:
Premise 1: All lawyers are educated.
Premise 2: Susan is a lawyer.
Conclusion: Susan is educated.
Answer: Valid – The conclusion is correct. Since all lawyers are educated and Susan is a lawyer, Susan must be educated.
Example 108:
Premise 1: All teachers are kind.
Premise 2: Lisa is kind.
Conclusion: Lisa is a teacher.
Answer: Invalid – The conclusion does not follow. Just because Lisa is kind does not necessarily mean she is a teacher. The premises don’t provide enough information to conclude that Lisa is a teacher.
Example 109:
Premise 1: All elephants are mammals.
Premise 2: All mammals give live birth.
Conclusion: Elephants give live birth.
Answer: Valid – The conclusion is correct. Since all elephants are mammals and all mammals give live birth, it follows that elephants must give live birth.
Example 110:
Premise 1: Some plants are tall.
Premise 2: A sunflower is a plant.
Conclusion: A sunflower is tall.
Answer: Invalid – The conclusion does not follow. While some plants are tall, we cannot conclude that a sunflower is tall, since the premise does not specify whether sunflowers are one of those tall plants.
Example 111:
Premise 1: All roses are flowers.
Premise 2: Some flowers are red.
Conclusion: Some roses are red.
Answer: Invalid – The conclusion does not follow. While some flowers are red, it does not guarantee that some roses are red, as roses could come in other colors.
Example 112:
Premise 1: All dogs are loyal.
Premise 2: Max is a dog.
Conclusion: Max is loyal.
Answer: Valid – The conclusion is correct. Since all dogs are loyal and Max is a dog, it follows that Max is loyal.
Example 113:
Premise 1: All flowers need sunlight.
Premise 2: A rose is a flower.
Conclusion: A rose needs sunlight.
Answer: Valid – The conclusion is correct. Since all flowers need sunlight and a rose is a flower, it follows that a rose must need sunlight.
Example 114:
Premise 1: All smartphones are portable.
Premise 2: An iPhone is a smartphone.
Conclusion: An iPhone is portable.
Answer: Valid – The conclusion is correct. Since all smartphones are portable and an iPhone is a smartphone, it follows that an iPhone must be portable.
Example 115:
Premise 1: No birds are mammals.
Premise 2: A bat is a mammal.
Conclusion: A bat is not a bird.
Answer: Valid – The conclusion is correct. Since no birds are mammals and a bat is a mammal, it follows that a bat cannot be a bird.
Example 116:
Premise 1: All artists are creative.
Premise 2: John is an artist.
Conclusion: John is creative.
Answer: Valid – The conclusion is correct. Since all artists are creative and John is an artist, John must be creative.
Example 117:
Premise 1: Some cars are electric.
Premise 2: All electric vehicles are eco-friendly.
Conclusion: Some cars are eco-friendly.
Answer: Valid – The conclusion is correct. Since some cars are electric and all electric vehicles are eco-friendly, it follows that some cars must be eco-friendly.
Example 118:
Premise 1: Some animals are nocturnal.
Premise 2: A bat is an animal.
Conclusion: A bat is nocturnal.
Answer: Invalid – The conclusion does not follow. While some animals are nocturnal, the premise does not specifically state that a bat is nocturnal. Therefore, we cannot conclude this.
Example 119:
Premise 1: All humans need oxygen to survive.
Premise 2: John is a human.
Conclusion: John needs oxygen to survive.
Answer: Valid – The conclusion is correct. Since all humans need oxygen to survive and John is a human, John must need oxygen to survive.
Example 120:
Premise 1: Some children are good at math.
Premise 2: Mary is a child.
Conclusion: Mary is good at math.
Answer: Invalid – The conclusion does not follow. Just because some children are good at math doesn’t mean that Mary, specifically, is good at math. The premises do not guarantee this.
Example 121:
Premise 1: All roses are flowers.
Premise 2: All flowers are beautiful.
Conclusion: All roses are beautiful.
Answer: Valid – The conclusion is correct. Since all roses are flowers and all flowers are beautiful, it follows that all roses must be beautiful.
Example 122:
Premise 1: No fish are mammals.
Premise 2: A dolphin is a mammal.
Conclusion: A dolphin is not a fish.
Answer: Valid – The conclusion is correct. Since no fish are mammals and a dolphin is a mammal, it follows that a dolphin is not a fish.
Example 123:
Premise 1: All squares are rectangles.
Premise 2: All rectangles have four sides.
Conclusion: All squares have four sides.
Answer: Valid – The conclusion is correct. Since all squares are rectangles and all rectangles have four sides, it follows that all squares have four sides.
Example 124:
Premise 1: Some birds are flightless.
Premise 2: A penguin is a bird.
Conclusion: A penguin is flightless.
Answer: Valid – The conclusion is correct. Since some birds are flightless and a penguin is a bird, it logically follows that a penguin is flightless.
Example 125:
Premise 1: All politicians are public figures.
Premise 2: John is a politician.
Conclusion: John is a public figure.
Answer: Valid – The conclusion is correct. Since all politicians are public figures and John is a politician, John must be a public figure.
Example 126:
Premise 1: All trees have roots.
Premise 2: A mango tree is a tree.
Conclusion: A mango tree has roots.
Answer: Valid – The conclusion is correct. Since all trees have roots and a mango tree is a tree, it follows that a mango tree must have roots.
Example 127:
Premise 1: Some pencils are colored.
Premise 2: This is a pencil.
Conclusion: This is colored.
Answer: Invalid – The conclusion does not follow. The premise tells us that some pencils are colored, but it does not specify that this particular pencil is colored.
Example 128:
Premise 1: All roses are flowers.
Premise 2: Some flowers are yellow.
Conclusion: Some roses are yellow.
Answer: Invalid – The conclusion does not follow. While some flowers are yellow, it does not guarantee that some roses are yellow, as roses could come in other colors.
Example 129:
Premise 1: All dogs are mammals.
Premise 2: Some mammals are carnivores.
Conclusion: Some dogs are carnivores.
Answer: Valid – The conclusion is correct. Since all dogs are mammals and some mammals are carnivores, it follows that some dogs could be carnivores.
Example 130:
Premise 1: All books are printed materials.
Premise 2: Some printed materials are newspapers.
Conclusion: Some books are newspapers.
Answer: Invalid – The conclusion does not follow. While some printed materials are newspapers, it does not mean that some books are newspapers, as books could be in different categories than newspapers.
Example 131:
Premise 1: No birds are reptiles.
Premise 2: A crocodile is a reptile.
Conclusion: A crocodile is not a bird.
Answer: Valid – The conclusion is correct. Since no birds are reptiles and a crocodile is a reptile, it follows that a crocodile is not a bird.
Example 132:
Premise 1: All vehicles need fuel.
Premise 2: A bicycle is a vehicle.
Conclusion: A bicycle needs fuel.
Answer: Invalid – The conclusion is incorrect. While all vehicles need fuel, a bicycle does not need fuel, as it is human-powered, not fuel-powered.
Example 133:
Premise 1: All fish live in water.
Premise 2: A trout is a fish.
Conclusion: A trout lives in water.
Answer: Valid – The conclusion is correct. Since all fish live in water and a trout is a fish, it follows that a trout must live in water.
Example 134:
Premise 1: All mathematicians are logical thinkers.
Premise 2: Jack is a logical thinker.
Conclusion: Jack is a mathematician.
Answer: Invalid – The conclusion does not follow. Just because Jack is a logical thinker does not necessarily mean he is a mathematician, as not all logical thinkers are mathematicians.
Example 135:
Premise 1: Some dogs are friendly.
Premise 2: All retrievers are dogs.
Conclusion: Some retrievers are friendly.
Answer: Invalid – The conclusion does not follow. While some dogs are friendly, we cannot conclude that retrievers specifically are friendly. The premises do not guarantee this.
Example 136:
Premise 1: All computers are machines.
Premise 2: Some machines are expensive.
Conclusion: Some computers are expensive.
Answer: Invalid – The conclusion does not follow. Just because some machines are expensive, it does not mean that some computers are expensive, as computers could fall into different price ranges.
Example 137:
Premise 1: All roses are flowers.
Premise 2: Some flowers are yellow.
Conclusion: Some roses are yellow.
Answer: Invalid – The conclusion does not follow. While some flowers are yellow, it does not mean that some roses are yellow, as roses could be other colors.
Example 138:
Premise 1: All birds have wings.
Premise 2: A penguin is a bird.
Conclusion: A penguin has wings.
Answer: Valid – The conclusion is correct. Since all birds have wings and a penguin is a bird, it follows that a penguin must have wings. However, penguins do not fly, but they still have wings.
Example 139:
Premise 1: All rectangles have four sides.
Premise 2: A square is a rectangle.
Conclusion: A square has four sides.
Answer: Valid – The conclusion is correct. Since all rectangles have four sides and a square is a rectangle, a square must have four sides.
Example 140:
Premise 1: Some animals can fly.
Premise 2: A bat is an animal.
Conclusion: A bat can fly.
Answer: Invalid – The conclusion does not follow. While some animals can fly, it does not guarantee that a bat is one of those animals. The premise does not specify that bats can fly, even though they do.
Example 141:
Premise 1: All dogs are mammals.
Premise 2: Some mammals are carnivores.
Conclusion: Some dogs are carnivores.
Answer: Valid – The conclusion is correct. Since all dogs are mammals and some mammals are carnivores, it follows that some dogs could be carnivores.
Example 142:
Premise 1: All fish have gills.
Premise 2: A goldfish is a fish.
Conclusion: A goldfish has gills.
Answer: Valid – The conclusion is correct. Since all fish have gills and a goldfish is a fish, it follows that a goldfish must have gills.
Example 143:
Premise 1: All triangles have three sides.
Premise 2: An isosceles triangle is a triangle.
Conclusion: An isosceles triangle has three sides.
Answer: Valid – The conclusion is correct. Since all triangles have three sides and an isosceles triangle is a triangle, it follows that an isosceles triangle has three sides.
Example 144:
Premise 1: Some birds are flightless.
Premise 2: A penguin is a bird.
Conclusion: A penguin is flightless.
Answer: Valid – The conclusion is correct. Since some birds are flightless and a penguin is a bird, it logically follows that a penguin is flightless.
Example 145:
Premise 1: All writers are creative.
Premise 2: John is a writer.
Conclusion: John is creative.
Answer: Valid – The conclusion is correct. Since all writers are creative and John is a writer, John must be creative.
Example 146:
Premise 1: No apples are oranges.
Premise 2: A fruit is an apple.
Conclusion: The fruit is not an orange.
Answer: Valid – The conclusion is correct. Since no apples are oranges and the fruit is an apple, it logically follows that the fruit is not an orange.
Example 147:
Premise 1: All computers need electricity.
Premise 2: A laptop is a computer.
Conclusion: A laptop needs electricity.
Answer: Valid – The conclusion is correct. Since all computers need electricity and a laptop is a computer, it follows that a laptop must need electricity.
Example 148:
Premise 1: Some teachers are strict.
Premise 2: Mr. Smith is a teacher.
Conclusion: Mr. Smith is strict.
Answer: Invalid – The conclusion does not follow. Just because some teachers are strict does not mean Mr. Smith, specifically, is strict.
Example 149:
Premise 1: All artists are creative.
Premise 2: Sarah is creative.
Conclusion: Sarah is an artist.
Answer: Invalid – The conclusion does not follow. Just because Sarah is creative does not necessarily mean she is an artist, as not all creative individuals are artists.
Example 150:
Premise 1: All fruits are healthy.
Premise 2: An apple is a fruit.
Conclusion: An apple is healthy.
Answer: Valid – The conclusion is correct. Since all fruits are healthy and an apple is a fruit, an apple must be healthy.
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